Ignition System: Description and Operation

NOTE: All engines use a fixed ignition timing system. Basic ignition timing is not adjustable. All spark advance is determined by the Powertrain Control Module (PCM).

IGNITION SYSTEM
The distributorless ignition system used on these engines is referred to as the Direct Ignition System (DIS). The system's three main components are the coils, crankshaft position sensor, and camshaft position sensor. The coil on plug ignition system utilizes an ignition coil for every cylinder, it is mounted directly over the each spark plug.

The crankshaft position sensor and camshaft position sensor are hall effect devices. The camshaft position sensor and crankshaft position sensor generate pulses that are inputs to the PCM. The PCM determines crankshaft position from these sensors. The PCM calculates injector sequence and ignition timing from crankshaft position. For a description of both sensors, refer to Camshaft Position Sensor and Crankshaft Position Sensor.

Fig 1 Powertrain Control Module:

POWERTRAIN CONTROL MODULE (PCM)
The PCM regulates the ignition system (Fig. 1). The PCM supplies battery voltage to the ignition coil through the Automatic Shutdown (ASD) Relay. The PCM also controls the ground circuit for the ignition coil. By switching the ground path for the coil on and off, the PCM adjusts ignition timing to meet changing engine operating conditions.

During the crank-start period the PCM advances ignition timing a set amount. During engine operation the following inputs determine the amount of spark advance provided by the PCM. During the run mode the coils are turned on and off by inputs from the following:
- Intake air temperature
- Coolant temperature
- Engine RPM
- Available manifold vacuum
- Knock sensor

The PCM also regulates the fuel injection system.

SPARK PLUGS
These engines use platinum resistor spark plugs. They have resistance values of 6,000 to 20,000 ohms when checked with at least a 1,000 volt tester.

Do not use an ohm meter to check the resistance of the spark plugs. This will give an inaccurate reading.

Remove the spark plugs and examine them for burned electrodes and fouled, cracked or broken porcelain insulators. Keep plugs arranged in the order in which they were removed from the engine. An isolated plug displaying an abnormal condition indicates that a problem exists in the corresponding cylinder. Replace spark plugs at the intervals recommended.

Fig 3 Platinum Pads:

The spark plugs are double platinum and have a recommended service life of 100,000 miles for normal driving conditions, and a recommended service life of 75,000 miles for severe driving conditions. A thin platinum pad is welded to both electrode ends as show in (Fig. 3). Extreme care must be used to prevent spark plug cross threading, mis-gapping and ceramic insulator damage during plug removal and installation.

CAUTION: Never attempt to file the electrodes or use a wire brush for cleaning platinum plugs. This would damage the platinum pads which would shorten spark plug life.

Fig 4 Coil:

COIL ON PLUG
The engines are equipped with a coil on plug ignition system. Each cylinder has a dedicated coil that sits atop each plug. No secondary wires are required and connection from the coil to plug is made with a boot that is attached to the coil. The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) determines which coil to charge and fire at the correct time.

The Auto Shutdown (ASD) relay provides battery voltage to the ignition coil. The PCM provides a ground contact (circuit) for energizing the coil. When the PCM breaks the contact, the energy in the coil primary transfers to the secondary causing the spark. The PCM will de-energize the ASD relay if it does not receive the crankshaft position sensor and camshaft position sensor inputs. Refer to Auto Shutdown (ASD) or Main Relay-PCM Output, for relay operation.

Fig 6 Coil Capacitor:

The coil's low primary resistance (0.4 - 0.6 ohm) allows the PCM to fully charge the coil for each firing. There are coil capacitor added to each bank of cylinders for radio noise suppression.

Fig 8 Power Distribution Center:

AUTOMATIC SHUTDOWN (ASD) AND FUEL PUMP RELAYS
The PCM operates the ASD relay and fuel pump relay through one ground path. The PCM operates them by switching on and off the ground path for the solenoid side of the relays. Both relays turn on and off at the same time.

The ASD relay connects battery voltage to the fuel injectors and ignition coils. The fuel pump relay connects battery voltage to the fuel pump.

The PCM turns the ground path off when the ignition switch is in the Off position. Both relays are off. When the ignition switch is in the On or Crank position, the PCM monitors the crankshaft position sensor and camshaft position sensor signals to determine engine speed and ignition timing. If the PCM does not receive a crankshaft position sensor signal and camshaft position sensor signal when the ignition switch is in the Run position, it de-energizes both relays. When the relays de-energize, battery voltage is not supplied to the fuel injectors, ignition coil and fuel pump.

The ASD relay and fuel pump relay are located in the Power Distribution Center (PDC) near the battery (Fig. 8). A decal on the underside of the PDC cover shows the locations of each relay and fuse contained in the PDC.

Fig 9 Timing Slots:

CRANKSHAFT POSITION SENSOR
The crankshaft position sensor detects slots cut into the transmission driveplate extension. There are 3 sets of slots. Two sets contain 4 slots and one set contains 5 slots, for a total of 13 slots (Fig. 9). Basic timing is set by the position of the last slot in each group. Once the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) senses the last slot, it determines crankshaft position (which piston will next be at TDC) from the camshaft position sensor input. It may take the PCM one engine revolution to determine crankshaft position.

The PCM uses crankshaft position reference to determine injector sequence and ignition timing.

Once the PCM determines crankshaft position, it begins energizing the injectors and coils in sequence.

Fig 10 Crankshaft Position Sensor Location:

The crankshaft sensor is located on the passengers side of the transmission housing, above the differential housing (Fig. 10). The bottom of the sensor is positioned next to the drive plate.

Fig 11 Camshaft Position Sensor:

CAMSHAFT POSITION SENSOR
The camshaft position sensor provides cylinder identification to the Powertrain Control Module (PCM). The sensor generates pulses as groups of notches on the camshaft sprocket pass underneath it. The PCM keeps track of crankshaft rotation and identifies each cylinder by the pulses generated by the notches on the camshaft sprocket. Crankshaft pulses follow each group of camshaft pulses.

When the PCM receives one camshaft pulse after the long flat spot on the sprocket, cylinder number two crankshaft timing marks are next. After 3 camshaft pulses, the PCM knows cylinder four crankshaft timing marks follow. The PCM can synchronize on cylinders 1 or 4.

When metal aligns with the sensor, voltage goes low (less than 0.3 volts). When a notch aligns with the sensor, voltage spikes high (5.0 volts). As a group of notches pass under the sensor, the voltage switches from low (metal) to high (notch) then back to low. The number of notches determine the amount of pulses. If available, an oscilloscope can display the square wave patterns of each timing event.

Fig 13 Camshaft Position Sensor Location:

The camshaft position sensor is mounted in the front of the timing case cover.

Fig 15 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor:

ENGINE COOLANT TEMPERATURE SENSOR
The engine coolant temperature sensor threads into the water jacket next to thermostat housing. The sensor provides an input to the powertrain control module (PCM). As coolant temperature varies, the sensor resistance changes, resulting in a different input voltage to the PCM.

The PCM contains different spark advance schedules for cold and warm engine operation. The schedules reduce engine emission and improve driveability. When the engine is cold, the PCM will demand slightly richer air-fuel mixtures and higher idle speeds until normal operating temperatures are reached.

The engine coolant sensor input also determines operation of the low and high speed cooling fans.

INTAKE AIR TEMPERATURE SENSOR
The Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor measures the temperature of the air as it enters the engine. The sensor supplies one of the inputs the PCM uses to determine injector pulse-width.

The IAT sensor threads into the intake manifold.

Fig 17 Knock Sensor:

KNOCK SENSOR
The engine has one knock sensor. The knock sensor bolts into the top of the cylinder block below the cylinder heads (Fig. 17). when the knock sensor detects a knock in one of the cylinders, it sends a input signal to the PCM. In response, the PCM retards ignition timing by a scheduled amount.

Knock sensors contain a piezoelectric material which constantly vibrates and sends an input voltage (signal) to the PCM while the engine operates. As the intensity of the crystal's vibration increases, the knock sensor output voltage also increases.

NOTE: Over or under tightening effects knock sensor performance, possibly causing improper spark control.

MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE (MAP) SENSOR
The Powertrain Control Module (PCM) supplies 5 volts to the Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) sensor. The MAP sensor converts intake manifold pressure into voltage. The PCM monitors the MAP sensor output voltage. As vacuum increases, MAP sensor voltage decreases proportionately Also, as vacuum decreases, MAP sensor voltage increases proportionately.

Key on, before the engine starts running, the PCM determines atmospheric air pressure from the MAP sensor voltage. while the engine operates, the PCM determines intake manifold pressure from the MAP sensor voltage. Based on MAP sensor voltage and inputs from other sensors, the PCM adjusts spark advance and the air/fuel mixture.

The MAP sensor mounts to the intake manifold.

THROTTLE POSITION SENSOR (TPS)
The TPS mounts to the side of the throttle body. The TPS connects to the throttle blade shaft. The TPS is a variable resistor that provides the Powertrain Control Module (PCM) with an input signal (voltage). The signal represents throttle blade position. As the position of the throttle blade changes, the resistance of the TPS changes.

The PCM supplies approximately 5 volts to the TPS. The TPS output voltage (input signal to the powertrain control module) represents throttle blade position. The TPS output voltage to the PCM varies from approximately 0.38 volts to 1.2 volts at minimum throttle opening (idle) to a maximum of 3.1 volts to 4.4 volts at wide open throttle.

Along with inputs from other sensors, the PCM uses the TPS input to determine current engine operating conditions. The PCM also adjusts fuel injector pulse width and ignition timing based on these inputs.

Fig 41 Ignition Lock Cylinder Detentes:

LOCK KEY CYLINDER
The lock cylinder is inserted in the end of the housing opposite the ignition switch. The ignition key rotates the cylinder to 5 different detents.

- Accessory
- Off (lock)
- Unlock
- On/Run
- Start
- UNLOCK
- ON/RUN
- START
- OFF
- ACCESSORY

IGNITION INTERLOCK
All vehicles equipped with automatic transaxles have an interlock system. The system prevents shifting the vehicle out of Park unless the ignition lock cylinder is in the ON/RUN or START position. In addition, the operator cannot rotate the key to the lock position unless the shifter is in the park position. On vehicles equipped with floor shift refer to Automatic Transmission Shifter/Ignition Interlock.